Table 1 Selected characteristics of 2510 births in the CHILD study by quartile of average NDVI within 500 m of mothers residences during pregnancy
| Entire cohort | Average NDVI (500 m Buffer) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Q1 < 0.21 |
Q2 0.21–0.25 |
Q3 0.26–0.30 |
Q4 > 0.30 | ||
| Births (n) | 2510 | 627 | 628 | 631 | 624 |
| Birth weight (g) (\( \bar{x}, sd \)) | 3474 (498) | 3458 (522) | 3471 (481) | 3475 (476) | 3491 (513) |
| Maternal age (\( \bar{x}, sd \)) | 32.1 (4.6) | 32.1 (4.5) | 32.0 (4.5) | 32.0 (4.8) | 32.5 (4.4) |
| Maternal education (%) | |||||
| High school diploma | 6.8 | 6.8 | 7.6 | 8.1 | 4.9 |
| Some college | 27.5 | 26.2 | 27.4 | 27.5 | 28.8 |
| College degree | 45.0 | 44.8 | 46.5 | 42.9 | 45.8 |
| Post Graduate degree | 20.6 | 22.1 | 18.5 | 21.5 | 20.5 |
| Household income (%) | |||||
| < $30,000 | 2.8 | 4.1 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.9 |
| $30,000–$49,999 | 4.9 | 4.4 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 3.6 |
| $50,000–$79,000 | 21.3 | 19.7 | 21.5 | 25.5 | 18.7 |
| > $80,000 | 71.0 | 71.8 | 70.9 | 66.5 | 74.7 |
| Maternal ethnicity (%) | |||||
| White | 70.8 | 68.8 | 70.1 | 71.9 | 72.4 |
| Asian | 10.7 | 11.0 | 12.0 | 9.1 | 10.5 |
| Other | 18.5 | 20.2 | 17.9 | 19.0 | 17.1 |
| Smoked during pregnancy (%) | 3.3 | 2.9 | 3.8 | 3.4 | 2.9 |
| Moved during pregnancy (%) | 11.5 | 15.2 | 10.8 | 8.5 | 11.8 |
| Social support (\( \bar{x}, sd \)) | 31.3 (2.2) | 31.2 (2.3) | 31.4 (2.2) | 31.3 (2.2) | 31.0 (2.0) |
| Depression (\( \bar{x}, sd \)) | 9.5 (7.4) | 9.7 (7.8) | 9.6 (7.8) | 9.6 (7.6) | 9.2 (6.6) |
| Stress (\( \bar{x}, sd \)) | 12.5 (6.3) | 12.8 (6.4) | 11.9 (6.3) | 12.6 (6.2) | 12.6 (6.2) |
| Walk score (\( \bar{x}, sd \)) | 60.0 (27.7) | 70.0 (28.7) | 61.0 (27.6) | 58.4 (24.7) | 49.8 (25.5) |
| NO2 air pollution (ppb) (\( \bar{x}, sd \)) | 18.3 (5.1) | 20.3 (5.3) | 18.4 (4.5) | 18.0 (4.6) | 16.5 (5.1) |
| PM2.5 air pollution (ppb) (\( \bar{x}, sd \)) | 6.9 (1.5) | 7.0 (1.4) | 7.0 (1.3) | 7.1 (1.4) | 6.7 (1.6) |
| O3 air pollution (ppb) (\( \bar{x}, sd \)) | 25.1 (4.5) | 25.0 (4.5) | 25.0 (4.3) | 25.3 (3.9) | 25.7 (4.0) |
| Population/km2 (\( \bar{x}, sd \)) | 4370 (3406) | 5789 (4580) | 4614 (3230) | 3775 (2396) | 3280 (2413) |
| Neighborhood median household income (\( \bar{x}, sd \)) | 70,498 (29,597) | 65,346 (26,899) | 68,812 (26,867) | 72,059 (27,060) | 76,007 (35,887) |
| Neighborhood % minority (\( \bar{x}, sd \)) | 33.2 (23.0) | 36.1 (21.1) | 34.2 (22.7) | 32.8 (24.0) | 29.5 (23.7) |
| City (%) | |||||
| Vancouver | 24.7 | 28.2 | 25.1 | 20.2 | 21.9 |
| Edmonton | 25.0 | 21.1 | 26.5 | 31.6 | 21.3 |
| Winnipeg | 23.4 | 23.2 | 24.0 | 22.7 | 24.9 |
| Toronto | 26.9 | 27.4 | 24.5 | 25.6 | 31.9 |